Civil Disobedience Or Obedience - 885 Words

LaKyia Scott Professor Nelson English 1302 09 February 2015 Civil Disobedience or Obedience INTRODUCTION Civil disobedience is defined as the â€Å"refusal to obey civil laws in an effort to induce change in government policy or legislation, characterized by nonviolent means†; theories on this topic have been debated for centuries. (American Heritage Dictionary 3rd Edition pg161) Henry David Thoreau was well known for his refusal to participate in the political systems or activities of his era, not only by refusing to pay his poll taxes for six consecutive years, but also by announcing that he did not wish to be regarded as a member of any incorporated society. In Civil Disobedience, Thoreau stresses the need to prioritize one’s conscience over the dictates of laws. A person should not be obligated to devote his or her life to eliminating evils from the world, but is only obligated not to participate in such evils themselves. He argues that the government rarely proves itself useful and this derives from the power from the majority because they are the strongest group, not because they hold the most legitimate views. Justice is the quality of being just, impartial or fair. Thoreau doubted the effectiveness of reform within the government, and argued that voting and petitioning for change served useless. He felt that justice had different standards for each different group. Which raises the question, is justice fair for everyone? When a government is unjust, people shouldShow MoreRelatedSelf-Reliance and Good Citizenship in Henry David Thoreaus Essay, Civil Disobedience804 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-Reliance and Good Citizenship Civil Disobedience is an essay by Henry David Thoreau on the place of civil disobedience in society. It analyzes men in society, the folly of majority and most importantly of all, it analyzes good citizenship. It looks at what it means to be a good citizenship and the most recurring theme is self-reliance. He discusses obedience to principle, independence from the government, and intolerance of injustice, which are all just kinds of self-reliance. Self-RelianceRead MoreThe Letter From A Birmingham Jail1266 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a key figure in the civil rights movements that took place in the 1950s and 1960s. The â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is an open letter written by King defending nonviolent resistance against racism. The letter argued that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust and unethical laws. The letter also stresses themes of unity among brothers in order to overcome racism. I will argue in support of Kingâ€℠¢s stance that citizens are morally justified in breakingRead MoreThe Article Hacking As Politically Motivated Digital Civil Disobedience1179 Words   |  5 PagesDigital Civil Disobedience: Is Hacktivism Morally Justified? by Kenneth Einar Himma, She argues that the as an electronic civil disobedience, hacktivism is morally impermissible. Kenneth claims that the acts of civil disobedience is not always morally permissible because the nature of it is disobeying the state of the law and it is more expressive than the right to free speech. Then she discusses the framework to evaluate acts of civil disobedience in both sides of favoring and against the civil disobedienceRead MoreEssay on The Role of Power in Obedience1381 Words   |  6 PagesTo Obey or Disobey: The Role of Power in Obedience People’s decision to obey or disobey the law is based on how much power (in its various forms) they perceive the law to have behind it. The power of coercion is one maintained by every government in human history: the power to punish. The power of legitimacy is a much more subtle power: the power to appear as an authority and let others presume that you know best. While enforcing law, authorities will exercise both these powers. Both powersRead MoreThe Need For Civil Disobedience Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesTo grasp the meaning of Civil Disobedience one would have to say that it means the refusal to obey the civil laws so that the government can change the policy or legislation, characterized by the use of. I have read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience and the obligation that your conscience mind follows and in reading this it states that people should not let the governments overrule or atrophy their consciences and that we as people are obligated to not allow the government to make them agentsRead MoreThe Resistance Of Civil Government1556 Words   |  7 Pagesginally titled Resistance to Civil Government, has had a wide influence on many later practitioners of civil disobedience. The driving idea behind the essay is that citizens are morally responsible for their support of aggressors, even when such support is required by law. In the essay, Thoreau explained his reasons for having refused to pay taxes as an act of protest against slavery and against the Mexican–American War. He writes, If I devote myself to other pursuits and contemplations, I mustRead MoreSophocles Antigone Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pages The play opens after Oedipus’ two sons Eteocles and Polyneices have killed each other in a civil war for the throne of Thebes. Oedipus’ brother in law Creon then assumes the throne. He dictates that Eteocles shall receive a state funeral and honors, while Polyneices shall be left in the streets to rot away. Creon believes that Polyneices’ body shall be condemned to this because of his civil disobedience and treachery against the city. Polyneices’ sister, Antigone, upon hearing this exclaims thatRead MoreCivil Disobedience Extended Definition1405 Words   |  6 PagesMichael D. Tiong ENGLCOM 11/12/12 11216964 C38-B Thesis Statement: Civil Disobedience, though often taken as a refusal to obey governmental instruction, was in fact an appropriate gesture of the people during the People Power Revolution because the people demonstrated democratic action when they felt that they were being oppressed. Outline: I. Overview of Civil Disobedience A. Brief History 1. Origins of the word B. Definition of Terms 1. Dictionary Read MoreCivil Disobedience In Antigone By Sophocles1195 Words   |  5 PagesCivil disobedience has been a controversial issue that possess a conflict between ethical and moral values among both scholars and students alike. Martin Luther King Jr. used the civil disobedience approach to air his grievances and made it known to the majority of the population that a particular aspect of the law was interfering with their moral and ethical values even if it was unwritten. On the other hand, Sophocles, in the play â€Å"Antigone† reveals the grief, struggle, inner strife and distressRead MoreThe Theme of Obedience in Pans Labyrinth1553 Words   |  7 PagesEl Laberinto del Fauno Obedience is a recurrent theme in El Laberinto del Fauno, discuss at least two examples and what they represent. In El Laberinto del Fauno, Guillermo del Toro uses the theme of obedience to illustrate and condemn two repressive components of fascism: patriarchy and the coercion of free will. This essay will look at two examples of obedience in the film which reveal the abhorrent nature of these aspects of fascism and the importance of resisting them. These are, respectively

The Lorax 2 Free Essays

The Lorax Sequel By Georgia and Maddie â€Å"So†¦Catch! † calls the once-ler He lets something fall It’s a truffula seed It’s the last one of all You’re in charge of the last of the truffula seeds And truffula trees are what everyone needs Plant a new truffula, treat it with care Give it clean water and feed it fresh air Grow a forest protect it from axes that hack Then the lorax And all of his friends May come back. † So off ted went with the seed in his hand An idea in his head, and no greed in his plan He left for a place where the sky is blue With a small patch of sunlight That leaves the green grass new The clouds that filled the sky were a crisp white A place where the Swomee-Swans could take flight And the humming fish hummed in the rippulous pond While the Brown Bar- ba- loots played And sung in the shade â€Å"Excuse me! Excuse me! ‘Ted cried out ‘I need your help without a single doubt, To plant this Truffula seed to help it grow We can work together its essential you know We could live in peace and learn to keep a balance Between the Truffula trees but also the Thneeds! I am a man of my word and a man of my deeds So let me help you and speak for the trees! ’ Slowly but surely the brown Bar-ba-loots peeked Out at this Ted that had made a loud squeak The humming fish glanced as the Swomee- Swans shrieked; ‘We’ll help you dear Ted plant your little Truffula seed! ’ As the Truffula tree slowly grew, More and more animals returned too To help little Ted and his crew Mature a forest creating a new world for me and you So let the word know, call them in We’ll live all together as kin In little huts up in those truffula tufts Where thneeds are still made And no trees will be slayed By taking those tufts a little And using nothing but whittle Leaving the tufts to restore In their glory and awe To create a balance that no one can flaw Up in the clouds The lorax did grin The place we created that is our greatest win How to cite The Lorax 2, Essay examples

Importance of Documentation Proper Nursing Practices Free-Samples

Question: What are the Importance of Documentation for Proper Nursing Practices. Answer: Documentation is one of the most important aspects of proper nursing practices that should be developed by every nurse as an important skill. This mainly helps the nurse to keep records of every step that she had followed and each of the interventions he had taken (Srinivasulu, Namburi Samhita, 2016). Often documentation may be done in terms of simple paper accumulated in files or can be documented in technological portal .however in most hospitals nurses are usually found to be working mostly with documentation on paper and needs to handle them over to their colleague who would be taking the charge of the paper for continuance of the care. However, this aspect of nursing is associated with different types of fraudulence and therefore a nurse needs to be very careful about maintaining the information of the documents and be careful so that this document is not mishandled or advantages are taken of it (Dolan Farmer, 2016). The essay will mainly contain a mysterious case that had put a nurse in to a tricky situation and how she can take steps to make her free from any ethical or legal complication. In this case scenario, the nurse had provided documentation where she had put on all the important information about all the interventions that she had undertaken taking along with jotting the important dates, medications, injections and others, moreover she had kept all the information totally confidential so that she does not get involved in any legal obligations. However, there had been incidences that had taken place in the next shift which is not mentioned in the case that had resulted in the condition of the patient getting deteriorated. When the nurse had taken a close notice of the documents she had found that her documents had been tampered with. It is evident that the nurses to whom the nurse has delegated the work at the end of the shift was not skilled enough to handle the patient effectively. Therefore the interventions that the later nurse had taken must have had negative impacts for which the patient had developed critical situations. It is extremely important for a nurse to follow a procedural way of explanation while she is shifting the care of the patient to the nurse of the nest shift. There should be complete exchange of information that should have taken place between the two nurse regarding different aspects of the situation. It is extremely important for her dispose all her assumptions and also to block all other assumptions (New, 2014). Both the nurse should have focused on the safety of the patient clearly discussing the patient history, allergies or code status and others. Proper addressing of the past medical history of the patient is important to discuss along with the various discussion of the physical ass essment. Discussions related to medication as we;; as pain management strategies applied are also needed to be considered. Discussion on the relevant social issues as well as the discharge planning is also done ("Registered-nurse-standards-for-practice-", 2017). All these steps were suspected to be not done in the proper fashion which might have confused the nurses of the later shifts. Moreover it can also be expected that the nurses of the later stages had not conducted a proper review of the documentation that had been done by the previous nurse and had provided an intervention which was brought adverse effects to the patient. The nurses in order to save themselves from legal obligations, the later nurse have trampled the original notes so that the entire blame game takes place on the previous nurse. On critical analysis of the situation it can be seen that the previous nurse had maintained the standard one of the practice as she had maintained the accurate as well as the comprehensive and timely documentation of the assessments along with proper decision making, actions and evaluation which the later nurse had not performed. The nurse should immediately complain about this unprofessionalism so as to inform the higher authorities that this kind of activity will harm the organisations missions and goals (Sattler, 2017). She should immediately take steps to inform the higher officials that the later nurse had also not adhered to the standard two called the engagement in therapeutic and professional relationship because she had completely breached the guideline of following proper delegation methods and have not gone through proper supervision, consultation or even coordination and referrals and therefore she failed to maintain a proper professionalism. She should immediately call f or the nurse who was in charge of the patient and discuss entirely about the situation. She should immediately take the patients vital signs and take immediate action if she find the patients condition deteriorating (Mohammeed, 2014). Once the condition of the patient comes under control, she should called for the nurse who had taken care of the patients and make her understand the standards 4 of the guidelines of comprehensively conducting assessments which states that she should work in partnership with others to determine different factors that usually affects the health as well as the well being of the patient. This would help the later nurse to take actions as well provide referrals (Gordon, 2014). Moreover the nurse should also complain about the later nurse as she had also breached the rule of standard six where she had not conducted the delegated work appropriately according to the scope of clinical or non clinical practice. However the previous nurse is also found to have not followed the guidelines properly as well as she had not maintained the standard 6 rule of providing the clear effective timely direction as well as supervision in order to ensure that the delegated practice is safe and correct. Therefore she should also take an active step and reflect upon her own self so that she can learn from her mistake (Nakanushi Miyanmoto, 2015) If she would have performed her duty well, the other nurse would not have taken such a wrong and dishonest step in her duty hours (Geurden et al., 2014). Both the nurses should develop properly implement the guidelines of the standard 7 in their practice where they would determines, documents as well as communicates with different further communities, outcomes as well as goals to make the patient well. According to the codes of professional conduct by NMBA, when an aspect of care is made to be delegated, it is the duty of the nurses to ensure that the shifting of care from one nurse to another does not compromise the safety as well as the quality of the care of people. As the conduct 2 statements by NMBA clearly states that any action of any healthcare professionals under any circumstantial preferences compromise with the professional standards as well as any unethical or lawful practice should be immediately reported to the upper authority. Conduct 3 of the professional conducts would be extremely important for the former nurse in order to decide what kind of immediate activity would help her. It had clearly stated that if a nurse has understood that her colleague as well as her co-workers is engaged into unlawful conduct, be in any domain like clinical, management, research or responsibility, it would be her responsibility as well as her obligation to report such conduct to the g overning authority (New-Code-of-Professional-Conduct-for-Nurse", 2017). It would also be her duty to take any appropriate action which she thinks would be necessary to safeguard patient and also public interest (Saranto et al., 2016). This law has also stated that if their authority had failed to take an action, she can also go to external authority to look over the matter. From the entire case scenario, one cannot entirely make the later nurse responsible for the critical condition of the patient as the former nurse might not have followed the entire important guidelines to follow while documenting. It might have happened that although he had put all the important information of her assessment in a proper order with every details, she might have left blank spaces in her document which had resulted the later nurse to trample with it in order to save herself from an incorrect intervention that she have had done involuntarily. In conclusion, we can get a scenario that the former nurse had not conducted her duty responsibly while leaving her shift that had the later nurse of the shift to be in a state which was difficult for the nurse to assess. It was the duty of both the nurse to discuss the handover documents and conduct their practices. It was also the duty of the later nurse to verify the important interventions that she needs to proceed with. However it was not done and therefore the interventions that she had taken had negative impacts on the patients. To save herself from legal obligations, she had manipulated the data of the previous nurse in order to save herself and put the blame on the previous nurse. It is therefore important for the first nurse to at first conduct vital sign analysis and important diagnostic measure to assure that the patients condition id stable or not. After complete recovery of the patient from his unstable condition, the nurse should then inform the higher authority about the misconduct her colleague had conducted. After lodging the complaint she should have a detailed discussion with the fellow worker and both of them should recollect their guidelines set by NMBA so that no such occurrences can lead them to any legal complications. References: Dolan, C. M., Farmer, L. J. (2016). Let the Record Speak...: The Power of the Medical Record.The Journal for Nurse Practitioners,12(2), 88-94. Geurden, B., Wouters, C., Franck, E., Weyler, J., Ysebaert, D. (2014). Does Documentation in Nursing Records of Nutritional Screening on Admission to Hospital Reflect the Use of Evidence?Based Practice Guidelines for Malnutrition?.International journal of nursing knowledge,25(1), 43-48. Gordon, M. (2014).Manual of nursing diagnosis. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Mohamed, S. B. (2014). Legal issues in mandatory drug testing under Malaysias drug intervention programme.Journal of Substance Use,19(5), 378-381. Nakanishi, M., Miyamoto, Y. (2015). Documentation of nursing home residents' preferences regarding end-of-life care in Japan: Does the documentation serve as an advanced directive in care planning?.European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare,3(3), 309-317. New, K. (2014). Preventing, detecting, and investigating drug diversion in health care facilities.Journal of Nursing Regulation,5(1), 18-25. New-Code-of-Ethics-for-Nurses (2017).https://file:///C:/Users/Enanna%20Das/Downloads/5_New-Code-of-Ethics-for-Nurses-August-2008.. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://file:///C:/Users/Enanna%20Das/Downloads/5_New-Code-of-Ethics-for-Nurses-August-2008.PDF New-Code-of-Professional-Conduct-for nurse (2017).https://file:///C:/Users/Enanna%20Das/Downloads/6_New-Code-of-Professional-Conduct-for-Nurses-August-2008-1-. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://file:///C:/Users/Enanna%20Das/Downloads/6_New-Code-of-Professional-Conduct-for-Nurses-August-2008-1-.PDF Registered-nurse-standards-for-practice-. (2017).https://file:///C:/Users/Enanna%20Das/Downloads/Nursing-and-Midwifery-Board---Standard---Registered-nurse-standards-for-practice---1-June-2016. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://file:///C:/Users/Enanna%20Das/Downloads/Nursing-and-Midwifery-Board---Standard---Registered-nurse-standards-for-practice---1-June-2016.PDF Saranto, K., Saba, V., Dykes, P., Kinnunen, U. M., Mykknen, M. (2016). Milestones and Experiences of Standardized Documentation.Studies in health technology and informatics,225, 748. Sattler, D. M. (2017). Health Law, Data Privacy and Security, Fraud, and Abuse.Health Information Management: Principles and Organization for Health Information Services. Srinivasulu, K., Namburi, V. T., Samhitha, A. B. (2016). Study on Documentation of Medical Records.Medico-Legal Update,16(1).

The Great Gatsby and Browning’s Poetry Essay Example For Students

The Great Gatsby and Browning’s Poetry Essay Comparative Essays Browning/Gatsby 1. â€Å"A deeper understanding of aspirations and identity emerges from considering the parallels between The Great Gatsby and Browning’s poetry. † Compare how these texts explore aspirations and identity. 2. â€Å"The most interesting aspect of texts written in different times is seeing differences in what people value. † Evaluate this opinion in relation to the poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and the novel The Great Gatsby. In your response make detailed reference to at least two or three of Browning’s sonnets and to The Great Gatsby. 3. Compare the ways in which texts offer insights into the human experience. Respond to this statement in relation to the pair of prescribed texts that you have studied. 4. Analyse the ways in which a comparative study of the prescribed Browning poetry and The Great Gatsby invite consideration of how each of the texts reflect changing values and perspectives. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby and Browning’s Poetry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In your response make detailed reference to your prescribed texts. (For Browning this would mean writing on 2 or 3 sonnets) 5. â€Å"Texts on their own are interesting but when you compare them to other texts they become illuminating and dynamic. † How has your exploration of the ideas in Barrett Browning’s sonnets and The Great Gatsby moved you to a heightened appreciation of each text? 6. â€Å"Context affects our perceptions of how texts are received over time. † How have you found this to be true in your comparative study? . Browning and Fitzgerald offer markedly different perspectives on love. What are the perspectives of each and how effectively is the viewpoint of each conveyed? 8. You have been asked to be the guest speaker at a literary conference called Exploring Connections where the focus is on connections between different texts and contexts. Write your speech analysing the connections between texts discussing what you believe to be the key elements. Make detailed reference to your two prescribed texts.

Beginning the Journey essays

Beginning the Journey essays After reading this chapter, I realized the importance art in a childs learning development. Free exploration of arts should start early in a child life such as when they are toddlers. I agree with Linda Edwards that it is through the process of exploring the arts that they build a rich storehouse to ways to state what they need to say. To explicitly illustrate this point, we take for example young toddlers who are not yet capable of speaking in vocabularies to express themselves. However, the toddlers will try to convey their thinking and feeling through arts with picture drawings, hand signs, and exert certain behaviors. As mature adults, we should respect and encourage their ways of convey messages. As stated by Linda Edwards, They need a positive reaction from the adults around them, and they need to be recognized for their own individual value. Through positive reinforcement, a child can recognize what is right versus wrong. This type of reinforcement further enhances a chi lds self-esteem. No matter what kind of method that we use to teach these children, I agree with Edwards that it is the process that counts since you cannot underdetermine what a child can learn from it. Therefore, I absolutely agree that art education should be a national standard. Art is a part of us and what makes us individuals. Art defines our identity and background. If we do not educate our children in the symbol system called the arts, we will lose not only our culture and civility, but our humanity as well. It is through the expression of art that we learn more about each others ethnic cultural from around the world. This is part of what makes our country, America, so rich and sets us apart from other countries. Through art, children will learn to explore and exchange ideas and creativities. I have the same point of view as Vygotsky who states, children learn thought, language, a...

Marketing of Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing of Service - Essay Example In the food industry, customer satisfaction and loyalty are largely influenced by the frontline service providers. Therefore, the employees who come into first contact with customers in the Tony Roma hotel have been empowered with skills to handle multiple clients. The company has invested in professional recruiting and selection programs1. These investments are essential to the provision of world-class services at to the customers at the frontline. The company is intentional about providing quality services to both internal and external customers2. Tony Roma hotel is keen on conducting research with an aim to reinforce the brand image and facilitate marketing. The selection procedure of the frontline employees entails checking the emotional intelligence of the workers. Data mining has been an effective method of ensuring high class services are offered by the frontline employees3. Frontline services have to be scripted if professionalism is to be enforced. Studies show that the most effective organizations have structures of picking employees and a culture of excellence4. This includes the frontline services. Tony Roma has been careful to manage customer expectations. The company has used developed marketing communication to shape customer expectations. Training has significantly reduced the roles ambiguity and conflict that can affect the quality of services at the front office5. Transparency in communications has raised the morale of the frontline workers at the Tony Roma hotel. In the food industry, understanding cultural differences play a crucial role in attracting and retaining customers. The company offers training that significantly reduces ethnocentric attitudes among the workforce. The ethnic diversity among frontline employees is harnessed to become an advantage to the company. Tony Roma is heavily investing in service innovations that are unique and customer oriented. The services are aimed at giving the organization a competitive edge at the front office. In most companies, frontline employees have the least voice since they are viewed as mere front office attendants6. However, the strategic policy of Tony Roma appreciates the enormous influence of the FLEs to the mindset of the potential clients. This is the reasoning behind the empowered, competent and energized frontline employees in Tony Roma. SERVQUAL dimensions of Reliability, assurance, empathy and responsiveness The company wants the frontline office to create brand experiences and not mere services. Frontline employees are trained to engage customers in lively and professional dialogues. The frontline officers are dependable when it comes to strategic planning, liaising the necessary departments and the external environment. The employees are expected to be eloquent and courteous while dealing with clients. They are required to conduct follow up of the customer requests and services. The company emphasizes on soft skills and likable personality traits as opposed to experienced and hardened personalities7. According to the company’s management, frontline employees are the face of the hotel8. Therefore, frontline employees are supposed to have natural social skills and authenticity while dealing with customers9. The company insists that the facial expression of joy must be perceived to be authentic and

Evaluate the UK tax system in the context of Adam's Canon of Taxation Essay

Evaluate the UK tax system in the context of Adam's Canon of Taxation - Essay Example 2008). In UK today, there exist no published figures on this particular ‘gap’ but statistics from the Tax Justice Network (TJN) indicate that UK’s fifty largest companies have paid an average of 5.7 per cent less corporation tax than ‘expected rates’ from 2000 to 2004 (Wolfgang et al. 2008). This largely depends upon what is ‘expected’ and some of the assumptions made are questionable. For instance, in UK, TJN has associated this with excessive corporate tax allowances given to motivate investment in plant and machinery that in turn result into high levels of deferred taxation (Wolfgang et al. 2008). Today, capital allowances constitute examples of various express tax relief and incentives, which are regarded by most governments as desirable in the context of their economic policies. Recent report findings by the National Audit Office in UK identified that, around 220 of the largest UK 700 companies paid no tax at all in the years 2005 an d 2006, which led to concerns being widely highlighted in the media that there were high levels of corporate tax avoidance (Wolfgang et al. 2008). Therefore, this research paper will largely look at and make evaluation of the UK tax system in the context of Adam’s Canon of Taxation. Background to Adam’s Canon of Taxation Adam Smith is considered the father of modern economics and part of his contribution to the field of economics was presentation of four principles of a good taxation system known as Adam Smith’s Canons of Taxation (Smith and Cannan 1976; Smith and Sutherland 1998). The four principles are as follows: Canon of Equity, in the words of Adam Smith, â€Å"people of every state should pay their share in proportion to their individual abilities, which means that they should pay tax proportion to that income which they respectively get under the government security† (Jain, Kaur, Gupta and Gupta n.d, p.30). The basic assumption of this law is that , people are supposed to pay taxes according their capacity, while equity in this sense means people should demonstrate equality of sacrifice in paying tax. For instance, since the rich people’s marginal utility of money is less than that for the poor, rich people are supposed to pay more amounts in taxes than the poor people (Jain, Kaur, Gupta and Gupta n.d). Therefore the principle of justice is implicated in this doctrine (Nicholson 1928) and in the words of Adam Smith, â€Å"It will be more justified for the rich to contribute to the public expenditure not only what is proportionate to their income but more than that† (Jain and Khanna 2006, p.349). The second canon is that of certainty, where the postulation of this principle is that, there need to be a certainty regarding taxes (Das, 1993). For example, in Smith’s words â€Å"the tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain, and not arbitrary and that time of payment, the manner of payment , the quantity to be paid ought to be clear and plain to the contributor and to every other person† (Jain, Kaur, Gupta and Gupta n.d, p.30). These assumptions show that, in any taxation system, individuals must know how much tax they are supposed to pa