Overview of the U.S. Quasi-War With France

An undeclared war between the United States and France, the Quasi-War was the result of disagreements over treaties and Americas status as a neutral in the Wars of the French Revolution. Fought entirely at sea, the Quasi-War was largely a success for the fledgling US Navy as its vessels captured numerous French privateers and warships, while only losing one of its vessels. By late 1800, attitudes in France shifted and hostilities were concluded by the Treaty of Mortefontaine. Dates The Quasi-War was officially fought from July 7, 1798, until the signing of the Treaty of Mortefontaine on September 30, 1800. French privateers had been preying on American shipping for several years prior to the beginning of the conflict. Causes Principle among the causes of the Quasi-War was the signing of the Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain in 1794. Largely designed by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, the treaty sought to resolve outstanding issues between the United States and Great Britain some of which had roots in the 1783 Treaty of Paris that had ended the American Revolution. Among the treatys provisions was a call for British troops to depart from frontier forts in the Northwest Territory which had remained occupied when state courts in the United States interfered the repayment of debts to Great Britain. Additionally, the treaty called for the two nations to seek arbitration regarding arguments over other outstanding debts as well as the American-Canadian border. The Jay Treaty also provided the United States limited trading rights with British colonies in the Caribbean in exchange for restrictions on the American export of cotton.  Ã‚   While largely a commercial agreement, the French viewed the treaty as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with the American colonists. This feeling was enhanced by the perception that the United States was favoring Britain, despite having declared neutrality in the ongoing conflict between the two nations. Shortly after the Jay Treaty took effect, the French began seizing American ships trading with Britain and, in 1796, refused to accept the new US minister in Paris. Another contributing factor was the United States refusing to continue repaying debts accrued during the American Revolution. This action was defended with the argument that the loans had been taken from the French monarchy and not the new French First Republic. As Louis XVI had been deposed and then executed in 1793, the United States argued that the loans were effectively null and void. The XYZ Affair Tensions heightened in April 1798, when President John Adams reported to Congress on the XYZ Affair. The previous year, in an attempt to prevent war, Adams sent a delegation consisting of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to Paris to negotiate peace between the two nations. Upon arriving in France, the delegation was told by three French agents, referred to in reports as X (Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer), Y (Pierre Bellamy), and Z (Lucien Hauteval), that in order to speak to Foreign Minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, they would have to pay a large bribe, provide a loan for the French war effort, and Adams would have to apologize for anti-French statements. Though such demands were common in European diplomacy, the Americans found them offensive and refused to comply.  Informal communications continued but failed to alter the situation as the Americans refused to pay with Pinckney exclaiming  No, no, not a sixpence! Unable to further advance their cause, Pinckney and Marshall departed France in April 1798 while Gerry followed a short time later. Active Operations Begin Announcement of the XYZ Affair unleashed a wave of anti-French sentiment across the country. Though Adams had hoped to contain the response, he was soon faced with loud calls from the Federalists for a declaration of war. Across the aisle, the  Democratic-Republicans, led by Vice President Thomas Jefferson, who had generally favored closer relations with France, were left without an effective counter-argument. Though Adams resisted calls for war, he was authorized by Congress to expand the Navy as French privateers continued to capture American merchant ships. On July 7, 1798, Congress rescinded all treaties with France and the US Navy was ordered to seek out and destroy French warships and privateers operating against American commerce. Consisting of approximately thirty ships, the US Navy began patrols along the southern coast and throughout the Caribbean. Success came quickly, with USS Delaware (20 guns) capturing the privateer La Croyable (14) off New Jersey on July 7. The War at Sea As over 300 American merchantmen had been captured by the French in the previous two years, the US Navy protected convoys and searched for the French. Over the next two years, American vessels posted an incredible record against enemy privateers and warships. During the conflict, USS Enterprise (12) captured eight privateers and liberated eleven American merchant ships, while USS Experiment (12) had similar success. On May 11, 1800, Commodore Silas Talbot, aboard USS Constitution (44), ordered his men to cut out a privateer from Puerto Plata. Led by Lt. Isaac Hull, the sailors took the ship and spiked the guns in the fort.  That October, USS Boston (32) defeated and captured the corvette Berceau (22) off Guadeloupe.  Unknown to the ships commanders, the conflict had already ended.  Due to this fact, Berceau was later returned to the French. Truxtun the Frigate USS Constellation The two most noteworthy battles of the conflict involved the 38-gun frigate USS Constellation (38). Commanded by Thomas Truxtun, Constellation sighted the 36-gun French frigate LInsurgente (40) on February 9, 1799. The French ship closed to board, but Truxtun used Constellations superior speed to maneuver away, raking LInsurgente with fire. After a brief fight, Captain M. Barreaut surrendered his ship to Truxtun. Almost a year later, on February 2, 1800, Constellation encountered the 52-gun frigate, La Vengeance. Fighting a five-hour battle at night, the French ship was pummeled but was able to escape in the darkness. The One American Loss During the entire conflict, the US Navy only lost one warship to enemy action. This was the captured privateer schooner La Croyable which had been purchased into the service and renamed USS Retaliation. Sailing with USS Montezuma (20) and USS Norfolk (18), Retaliation was ordered to patrol the West Indies. On November 20, 1798, while its consorts were away on a chase, Retaliation was overtaken by the French frigates LInsurgente and Volontaire (40). Badly outgunned, the schooners commander, Lieutenant William Bainbridge, had no choice but to surrender. After being captured, Bainbridge aided in Montezuma and Norfolks escape by convincing  the enemy that the two American ships were too powerful for the French frigates. The ship was recaptured the following June by USS Merrimack (28). Peace In late 1800, the independent operations of the US Navy and the British Royal Navy were able to force a reduction in the activities of French privateers and warships. This coupled with changing attitudes in the French revolutionary government, opened the door for renewed negotiations. This soon saw Adams dispatch William Vans Murray, Oliver Ellsworth, and William Richardson Davie to France with orders to commence talks. Signed on September 30, 1800, the resulting Treaty of Mortefontaine ended hostilities between the US and France, as well as terminated all previous agreements and established trade ties between the nations. During the course of the fighting, the new US Navy captured 85 French privateers, while losing approximately 2,000 merchant vessels.

A Major Regulator of the Circadian Rhythm of Core Temperature in Article - 2

Essays on A Major Regulator of the Circadian Rhythm of Core Temperature in Humans by Cagnaccit, Elliotti, and Yen Article The paper "A Major Regulator of the Circadian Rhythm of Core Temperature in Humans by Cagnaccit, Elliotti, and Yen" is a delightful example of an article on medical science. This article basically entails an exploration of the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms. The basic exploration was to provide evidence of the regulation of core body temperature’s circadian rhythms to that of the normal cycle of sleep and wake. The researchers hypothesized that night-time melatonin secretion may be concerned with the regularization of the human BTC circadian rhythm. Since Pineal melatonin discharge takes place contemporaneously during the nocturnal hours and is interceded by the commencement of beta-adrenoceptors cells during the night. The research was conducted by performing experiments with a sample of 12 women, usually boarded to light and dark cycle for two days. It was concluded that the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms were inversely linked to that of m elatonin. The established hypothermic attributes of melatonin are responsible for the propagation of at least forty percent of the circadian BTC rhythm’s amplitude. The exploitation of melatonin levels may thus provide an opportunity for clinical resynchronization of the BTC rhythm under circumstances when BTC rhythms are desynchronized either due to jet-lag or night-shift work (Cagnaccit, Elliotti and Yen 447).   The title was sufficiently descriptive as the article entailed a causal study between the quoted variables. The study was intended to explore the relationship between the melatonin secretion and the circadian rhythms of the core body temperature. The subject was important as due to the rapid industrialization, humans are obliged to work in the night shifts to attain a maximum number of outputs. While the night-time work may lead to the creation of dissociation within the human circadian rhythms and it may also alter or change the phase relationship existing between the endogenous rhythms and environmental time. So the study provides a relationship between the melatonin levels and the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms that can be utilized in bringing harmony in cases of desynchronized BTC rhythms either due to night shift jobs or jet-lag.Questions1. Whether the sleep and melatonin secretion collectively related to the excessive hypothermic effect?2. Whether sleep depriv ation leads to a reduction in the amplitude of circadian rhythms of the BTC?

Blinded By Food Essay Research Paper Blinded free essay sample

Blinded By Food Essay, Research Paper Blinded by Food Before I planned to blindfold myself and travel through the hebdomadal household Sunday dark dinner, I knew one thing. That thing was: in this experiment I want to come a measure nearer, to see which is better ; being blind or deaf. Hence, on this escapade I want to larn the pros over being deaf than blind and possibly the cons another clip when I make myself deaf. Of class, I besides want to detect the day-to-day esthesiss a unsighted individual goes through, every bit good as their day-to-day troubles, like running into walls for illustration. My program was of course to blind fold my ego with a bandana and eat at the Sunday dark dinner for what ended up being 40 proceedingss. To fix I acted like I would if I was non blindfolded, to do the dinner seem more realistic. Now I was ready to turn over, so at 7:00 O? clock I left my phone, Television, computing machine? and book ( wear? t bury the book ) to eat dinner in the dinning room While eating the nutrient, I figured out I was feeding my ego something I don? Ts like every bit much as my ma? s other truly good repasts, a potpie filled with some poulet and assortment of veggies. We will write a custom essay sample on Blinded By Food Essay Research Paper Blinded or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I besides had a salad with ranch dressing to eat. Soon after I began to eat, all my nutrient started to acquire assorted up. I felt like I was eating? arctic? or some kind of repast that tasted good and was in the signifier of gloppy prison nutrient. Throughout the dinner I was ever jabing about, merely to happen some nutrient. The home base felt empty and so it was filled up like a armored combat vehicle of gas when I found a bunch of nutrient in the other corner. While eating dinner like this, I felt like I was eating everlastingly, but acquiring nowhere. To me I sensed that I had eaten a batch, but my ma said that I had non when I asked her. The whole procedure of eating nutrient blind made me experience like I was drifting in infinite or dreaming. In the center of dinner I became thirsty, and I left to the kitchen to acquire some sodium carbonate. While traveling at that place, I felt like a child whose bumper auto did non work but gets bumped by other autos because of the manner I made my manner to the kitchen. I walked to the kitchen by doing small stutter stairss, as they would state in path. Meanwhile, I would experience all around with my custodies to do certain I would non run into anything. Although I was looking out for walls and my household was stating me where to travel, I still bumped into the kitchen door, which was lodging out. Following, I ran into the cabinet next to the icebox. The last portion was easy, I grabbed my cup out of the cabinet and the individual litre of coke out of the frig, and so poured the coke into the cup. I could reasonably much conjecture how full the cup was. I so neatly put the bottle of sodium carbonate back. While making this I learned how blind likely have to do a batch of conjectures, for illustration: how far is the hall manner, how full is the glass, is this a street kerb. Consequently, blind people most likely, takes a batch of opportunities merely to acquire through each twenty-four hours. During the remainder of diner I did nil of import concerning this undertaking, all I did was talk to my household, which was easy because I could merely talk to the voice of my household member? s general way. The last thing I did was take my home base to the sink, and so came back to take my cup. I did non make this at the same time because I did non desire to interrupt or drop anything. Once I once more I easy walked to the kitchen twice and I besides ran into things once more. Runing into things is merely portion of being unsighted, but possibly if you become for good blind you will be able to do your manner around the milieus easier. I decided I would hold a bowl of cereal for sweet. Performing this undertaking is likely an mean undertaking for blind people because you have use senses that would non usually be used for this. I had to agitate and experience each box of cereal and so touch all over each bowl to pick the right one and in conclusion I had to make all around the icebo x merely to pick out the milk. I ate my cereal in the kitchen because everyone was already done with dinner, and so came back to world and took my blindfold off. To convey this to a stopping point, I learned that being blind comes with plentifulness of troubles, but by utilizing your other senses you can get the better of a batch of them. The one major pro of being blind over deaf is that you can transport on a conversation, but when you are deaf you can non hear what anyone else is stating and in some instances you yourself can non talk. One pro of being deaf over blind is that it is easier to do it through the twenty-four hours, the twenty-four hours is less unsafe, painful and nerve-wracking. If I had to take being deaf or blind, I would take being blind so that I chiefly could transport on a conversation and interact with people more, but so I could besides experience the Wyrd but exciting esthesis of non cognizing your exact surrounding.

Why Napleon Was a Success Essay Example For Students

Why Napleon Was a Success Essay Napoleon Bonaparte, was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. He had 7 brothers and sisters. His original nationality was Corsican-Italian. He also despised the French. He thought they were oppressors of his native land. His father was a lawyer, and was also anti-French. One reason Napoleon may have been such a conqueror was he was raised in a family of radicals. In 1784 to 1785 Napoleon attended the Ecole Militaire in Paris. That was the place where he received his military training. He studied to be an artillery man and an officer. He finished his training and joined the French army when he was 16 years old. Soon after that his father died, Napoleon was stationed in Paris in 1792. After the French monarchy was overthrown on August 10, 1792, Napoleon decided to make his move up in the ranks. After this, Napoleon started becoming a recognized officer. In 1792 Napoleon was prompted to the rank of captain. In 1793 he was chosen to direct the artillery against the siege in Toulon. He seized ground where he could get his guns in range of the British ships. Soon after that Toulon fell and Napoleon was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. We will write a custom essay on Why Napleon Was a Success specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When Napoleon was made commander of the French army in Italy. He defeated four Austrian generals in succession, and each army he fought got bigger and bigger. This forced Austria and its allies to make peace with France. During this campaign the French realized how smart Napoleon was. He developed a tactic that worked very efficiently. He would cut the enemys army in to two parts, then throw all his force on one side before the other side could rejoin them. This method was extremely effective against the Sardinian troops, because he defeated them five times in 11 days. When Napoleon returned to Paris he receive a huge welcome. He then began thinking of pursuing political power and military power. He wanted to become the next Alexander the Great, so he asked the Directory if he could take a large army to Egypt. That way he could conquer an empire that included Egypt, India, and other middle and far east places. Napoleon came up with a neat idea to accomplish this. If he conquered Egypt, he could attack the Englishs route to India. He won the battle of the Pyramids in July 1798. But his fleet was destroyed at the Battle of the Nile in Aboukir Bay. So Napoleon decided to invade Syria. The English and Turkish troops in Syria had held up against Napoleon. Napoleon then retreated to Egypt. Then later in July 1799, he defeated 10,000 Turks at Aoukir. He returned to France shortly after. The above are just a few of many examples of why Napoleon was and Outstanding success.

Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essay part 3Essay Writing Service

Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essay part 3Essay Writing Service Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essay part 3 Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essay part 3Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essay part  2IntroductionAt the same time, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software offer users easy access and use that is another important condition of the data integrity because data should be understood and used by users. Otherwise, there is no point in the creation of a database and accumulating information, if users have substantial difficulties with the adequate access and use of the information. Many researchers (Garvin Artemis, 2007) point out that Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software is the effective tool because it offers users easy access and does not need some special, profound knowledge in the field of software. In fact, users can have just a general idea of finance to start using Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software that makes the software very effective in the context of the educational environment. In such a way, any user can have the access to the software, on the condition that the user is authorized. At the same time, users are not likely to face any difficulties with Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software because the software is easy to use. The navigation and interface are easy, although it may be difficult for beginners to grow accustomed to them (Garvin Artemis, 2007).Data are closely integrated and properly process that contributes to the effective information processing and sharing. The data are integrated in the learning process that prevents the distraction of educators or students from the learning process proper and wasting their time on data processing. The high level of the data integration means that the data are classified, balanced, and distributed between stakeholders and store in the database of the Institutions. In such a way, users can easily access the data they need and they will do it easily because the data are classified, the friendly interface and navigation will help them to find the target data in the matter of minutes at the most.Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software as the tool of students’ inclusionIn fact, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software contribute to the student inclusion because they are oriented on the development of financial operations to facilitate the interaction between students and the Institution in particular. In such a way, the Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software helps to integrate students into the educational environment and, thus, get access to education. In such a context, the software may be viewed as a tool of students inclusion because it expands students’ opportunities consistently because they can monitor their accounts, they can manage their accounts and conduct financial operations as well as monitor their financial statistics. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software allows all stakeholders, including educators and professionals wo rking in the financial department of the Institution to have access to and use the full potential of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software. At the same time, all stakeholders can benefit from Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software to the full extent. In fact, the financial department as well as educators can use Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software to monitor their financial operations and manage their accounts as well as, in case of professionals working in the financial department, they can conduct their operations and perform their professional functions with the help of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software.At this point, opportunities offered by Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software for students are particularly important because they allow students to get wider access to education. They can plan their expenses and assess adequately costs of education and other issues. They can use Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software to assess their financial potential and to make choices concerning their further education. In such a situation, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software help students to plan their learning personally. In other words, the software makes their education personalized since they can obtain education respectively to their financial opportunities at the moment.Moreover, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software is not only the matter of financial issues but it is also the software allow data sharing. In such a way, students can share information and data and transmit it, according to their needs. In such a situation, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software accelerates the data sharing and increases its effectiveness. Taking into consideration the high level of the information security of the software, students can be certain that their private information will not breach. At any rate, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software has the high level of the information security and the software is among leaders in the indus try (Garvin Artemis, 2007).Furthermore, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software is the effective tool that helps to provide students with the financial aid, when they need it most of all. For instance, students, who have reached a considerable academic progress but cannot continue their education because of financial issues can apply for grants or some programs that can be funded by the government or other agencies or companies. In such a situation, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software will help to find a plausible solution for each student personally. In fact, students may find the solution on their own with the help of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software. Thus, students tackle their problems with the help of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software and can choose the best options of funding their education.This is why it is possible to estimate that Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software makes education more available to all students. At any rate the software def initely opens new opportunities for education because this software creates the flexible educational program, which may vary depending on financial resources available to students as well as funds, which they can raise for their education with the help of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software. This is why Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software is the effective tool that makes education more available to students in the Institution than it used to be due to the new, more effective data integration and sharing.ConclusionThus, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software may raise doubts among some experts, who may consider this software unreliable or ineffective. They may even draw their own arguments but the analysis of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software shows that such arguments are likely to be inconsistent. At any rate, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software has a number of advantages and strengths that make this software effective to use in the college environment. First, is secure and reliable. Second, this software improves the information sharing and processing. In addition, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software contributes to the data integrity. The aforementioned strengths and advantages of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software make the software the reliable tool that can be used by the Institution and enroll all stakeholders, who can use the software, including students, educators and administration of the Institution.In fact, the use of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software contributes to the data integrity that allows educators and students focusing on the learning process alone, while information is processed with the help of software. In such a way, students and educators use their time efficiently. The data integrity in the contemporary educational environment is crucial because it helps to overcome such problems as the information overload, information security and other issues. Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software should be implemented at the large scale at the Institution because the software opens wide information for provision of students with financial aid, when they need and effective data sharing.

Use Magazine Vendor Websites to Find New Paying Markets

Use Magazine Vendor Websites to Find New Paying Markets We have all been there. We have poured over websites for writers, submission directories like Writers Market and WritersWeekly.com to find that next freelance opportunity. There are many magazines to write for, both online and off, especially now that the internet has blossomed and bloomed. The trouble comes in when writers try to find actual paying work. There’s a little-known source that many writers overlook: Magazine vendors. These are firms that sell magazines (usually at a discount) to the public. Most of them have large, detailed websites listing thousands of magazines, many of which you didn’t even know existed. And, most popular magazines pay writers respectable rates. The process is simple. Find a magazine on one of the vendor sites, use Google or another search engine to find the magazine’s website, and then find the masthead so you’ll know where, and to whom, to send your query. You’ll find writer’s guidelines posted on some of the websites as well. Some magazine sites list editorial email addresses, while others have forms you can use to submit to them online. For sites that have email addresses, you might want to create a spreadsheet, categorized Usually, the magazines that are in the best-seller category pay the highest. Here are three magazine vendors you can use to find new paying markets for your writing: Magazine Agent magazine-agent.com Magazine Agent has magazines listed Amazon Kindle Magazines https://www.amazon.com/Magazines-Journals-Kindle/b?ie=UTF8node=241646011 Amazon’s Kindle has boosted not only book buying, but magazine buying as well (electronic editions, of course). The magazine categories are in a linked list in the left-hand column. The information for each publication has the price, the publisher, and reviews. Naturally, the best place to find the highest paying magazines is in the best-sellers section, which is in a box on the right-hand side of the page. Find magazines you want to approach, find their websites, and then find the masthead. Magazines.com https://www.magazines.com This is similar to the sites above, and also has a link to their best-sellers at the top of the page. There you have it! A roundabout, yet solid way to find magazines that actually pay their writers. For some magazines, the hardest part will be locating the email addresses of the magazine editors but, with a bit of help from Google (or your favorite search engine) and a lot of patience you can have a large list of editors to query in the future.

Prepare a case analysis of Case 1, Facebook vs. Twitter Essay

Prepare a case analysis of Case 1, Facebook vs. Twitter - Essay Example as an energy source and rallying point for the organization to the extent that it could make that particular company’s site more relevant than other social networking sites. Twitter’s mission reads: â€Å"We want to instantly connect people everywhere to what’s most important to them.† Whereas this mission statement is 80 characters long Huffstetler (2011) argues that it need not be more than 40 because the keywords are four: instantly, connect, everywhere and important. Twitter’s mission statement is brief, easy to remember and the organisation can relate to it. However as we analyse these four keywords we realise that the company needs to add more precision and clarity so that anyone who reads it may be able to identify its core competence and also be able to distinguish it from its competitors. The way it is it could easily be confused with any of the other numerous social networking sites. Of the four keywords, we believe that the organisation identifies well with â€Å"connect†, â€Å"everywhere† and â€Å"important† but it needs to re-consider the use of â€Å"instant†. Twitter’s real-time attribute is what makes it different from other platforms. This is Twitter’s competitive edge. Google and Facebook, the major rivals have tried to mimic this ability unsuccessfully. The problem though is that in modern technology’s lexicon the word instant could imply speed or ease. Twitter therefore needs to consider what to tradeoff between ease and speed and then use the selected choice to replace the word instant on its mission statement. On the other hand, Facebook’s mission is to give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected (Facebook, 2012). Using Huffstetler (2011) approach we delineate the key words here as being: power to share, open and connected. â€Å"Open† and â€Å"connected† are attributes that are provided by other social networking sites as well including Twitter. The key differentiator for Facebook lies in the

LITERTURE REVIEW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LITERTURE REVIEW - Essay Example Of all the industries, sectors that require professionals to continuously interact with non-professionals need effective communicators. Industries like hospitality, media, medical, legal and other service sectors need people not only with strong professional backgrounds, but also excellent communication skills. Nursing is a profession where nurses are required to not only assist the doctor in his work, but also ally the fears and apprehensions of the patient and his relatives. Nurses in hospitals become the primary care-givers and spend considerable time with the patients. They would very frequently find themselves in a position where they are the bridge between the specialist doctor and the patient. Thus, their role extends to that of an effective communicator. Various researchers have highlighted the importance of effective communication by nurses in their works. "Effective communication is a fundamental element of nursing care that is integral to the provision of quality patient care." (Ravert et al. 1997, Wilkinson et al. 1999, Bowles et al. cited in McGilton, 2005). By going through the literature available in various nursing journals, it would be easy to narrow down to the topic of my dissertation. Although a lot of research has been done in the field of effective communication as an integral part of the nursing profession, there are many grey areas even today. A lot needs to be done to achieve cent percent efficiency in the field. Surveys, trainings, evaluations, further research would provide a means to fill the lacunae in this field. Process of Literature Search The literature search was carried out through online medical/nursing journals .These have given a wide and varied range of literature on the subject. This literature review has used the results of studies and experiments carried out across the globe. The literature review includes research papers from Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Canada; University of Alberta, Canada; Griffith University, Australia; Communication Disability Center, University of Queensland, Australia; and The Martlets Hospice, Hove, UK. These papers were downloaded from such vastly spread out sources so that there would be very little scope for bias and the review would be a well-balanced one. Under the keyword "effective communication", the review includes topics ranging from complex continuing care facility, palliative nursing, factors that influence communication between people with communication disability and their healthcare providers in hospitals, effective communication as a core competency for collabora tive practice among nurses to effective parent-nurse communication. These articles have been published over a period of nine years from 2001 to 2009.Thus, they include the latest research in the field of effective communication between nurses and patients and ways and means of achieving it. Also, these articles are themselves very well-researched and offer excellent secondary sources of reference. Findings The research studies definitely show that there is a lot of scope for further research and recommendations in the field of effective communication among nurses. The studies covered parent-nurse interactions and patient-nurse interactions under various circumstances and illnesses. The first paper

High school Essay Example for Free

High school Essay Tamil Nadu is regarded to be one of India’s star performers in the sector of elementary education. The results of the 2001 Census show that Tamil Nadu has attained third position behind Kerala and Maharashtra both in terms of overall and female literacy. It recorded close to 100 per cent gross enrolment ratio (GER) at primary and upper primary levels based on 2007 estimates. A major legislative effort for the universalisation of education in line with the constitutional mandate has been the introduction of the Tamil Nadu Compulsory Education Act, 1994. Under this Act it is the duty of the government to provide the necessary infrastructure (schools and teachers) for ensuring universalisation of elementary education. Parents are also liable to be fined if they do not send their wards to school, though this rule is not very strictly enforced as most of the children not going to school come from poor backgrounds. Tamil Nadu’s high enrolment statistics are also the result of the number of welfare schemes that the State government has introduced in the elementary education sector. The large number of missionary and private schools are also playing a role in the spread of education. The government provides textbooks, uniforms and noon meals to the pupils making it a State where the per child spending is much higher than in educationally backward States such as Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and others and is higher than the all-India average. The State is making an endeavor to provide primary schools within a one km radius of human habitations with a population of 300 and above to increase their accessibility. It is also a State that has actually spent most of the funds allocated to it by the Centre under the SSA scheme, in contrast to States like UP, Bihar and Assam that have huge unspent amounts. Tamil Nadu students stood first in the country in mathematics, language and reading comprehension skills according to the national mid-term achievement survey of Class III children commissioned by the NCERT in collaboration with the MHRD and the SCERT and SSA wings of the States recently. But it has come to light that local bodies like corporations and municipalities are not fully utilizing money collected as education tax as a percentage of property tax under the Tamil Nadu Elementary Education Act and this is affecting the quality and quantity of formal education provision at the grassroots level. While the general literacy rate in Tamil Nadu as per 2001 data is 73. 5%, wide disparities exist across districts, gender, and area of residence as well as social grouping. The literacy rate of the SC and ST populations are consistently lower in all the districts. The retention rate within and after the primary school level is also not very impressive and there is a high percentage of repeaters. This is particularly so in the case of the STs and SCs. It is to overcome this discrepancy between education offered in different kinds of schools, between rural and urban schools and to overcome other numerous ills that have crept into the education system—such as arbitrary collection of fees, induction of daily waged, inadequately qualified para teachers, rote learning, examination stress, problems related to the medium of instruction and so on—that the State government constituted the Muthukumaran Committee, which submitted its report in 2007. This committee had the mandate to work out a framework of a uniform pattern of education in Tamil Nadu and to make recommendations for improving its quality. The report of the Committee recommends only one autonomous board, The Tamil Nadu State Secondary School Education Board, instead of the existing four State level boards—Matriculation, Anglo-Indian, Oriental and State Board. Schools coming under this integrated Board would follow a common syllabus ensuring an equitable school education in the State not conferring any undue advantages with regard to admission into higher educational institutions for students completing their school education from one particular Board. Equitable standard education is to be provided by a Common School or Neighbourhood School system, which with uniform syllabi would help to ‘decommercialise’ educational institutions and put an end to many a private management that does not feel sufficiently accountable to society in this crucial sector. The spiraling cost of education starting at the nursery level is cementing caste-class and rural-urban divisions. A common school system using the mother tongue as a medium of instruction would make equal education accessible to all without discrimination. A common school system also means a common examination pattern. The report of the Committee advocates a reasonable teacher-student ratio of not more than 1:30 and doing away with faulty textbooks and a system of rote learning. It emphasizes the promotion of analytical and rational skills that would equip the students to learn by themselves; a testing and evaluation pattern that involves the application of concepts learnt rather than mere reproduction of facts. The school syllabus should not overload students with information but instead kindle their interest in the subject and teach them how to search for more information and conceptualize it. Traditional knowledge should be incorporated and made part of school education. Evaluation should be comprehensive and not just of academic achievements, and that too only marks based. Evaluation should include an assessment of student abilities and performance in academics, the arts, sports and games, values, reading habits, character, conduct and other extra-curricular activities. Schools should not only lay emphasis on academic subjects but also on moral education. Here the Committee suggests that it may be better to have a progress book with entries made from time to time and also periodically sent to the parents so that they may be made aware of their child’s progress. Regular consultation with parents about their wards’ progress and achievements and educational goals is a must. A sheet of paper containing marks obtained in public exams is not enough to understand a student’s development and potential. If the marks obtained in only one exam are going to decide the person’s admission into an institute of higher learning then all stress is on preparing for this exam neglecting other exams and activities. The chance or temptation to indulge in malpractices is also high. Marks obtained in a one-time exam also are no accurate reflection of the student’s actual knowledge and achievement level and potential. Treating exams and marks as more important than life itself has meant the death of many a student. Finally, children belonging to linguistic minorities should be allowed to gain instruction in their respective mother tongue, while all students in standards 5 or 8 ought to have a specific level of knowledge in Tamil and English so that these languages can be used for communication. No student should be dropped and he/she should be allowed to grow in the chosen field of interest and in accordance with their individual capability. A simple pass or fail should certainly not be a deciding factor in a person’s life. While the government has accepted the notion of one board for school education other major recommendations of the Muthukumaran Committee on education reforms are being sidelined by the State government. In fact, some government run schools are changing the medium of instruction to English and not all schools teach Tamil, though this is compulsory as per current State education law. Moreover, schools with an eye on the results in board exams and aiming at future lucrative career possibilities for their students are introducing modern European languages like French (German is waiting to be introduced on a larger scale on the school level) that are supposedly high scoring subjects in comparison to Tamil, which is seen to be difficult even by those whose mother tongue it is. There is almost everywhere an exodus from government run schools to aided or private schools because of the perceived better quality and the lure of an English medium education, which is regarded by parents to be necessary in today’s world. It is to remain viable and not lose out in this competition for students that government run schools are increasingly offering English medium instruction also, although the English medium sections are permitted only on a self-financing basis. The non-acceptance of important recommendations by the Muthukumaran committee is thus in line with the general pro-globalisation trend in the Tamil Nadu economy as a whole. Current education system Why is India still a developing country and what is stopping it from being a developed country? India’s education system as a stumbling block towards its objectives of achieving inclusive growth. India is going to experience a paradox of nearly 90 million people joining the workforce but most of them will lack requiste skills and the mindset for productiveemployment according to a report in DNA. India has about 550 million people under the age of 25 years out of which only 11% are enrolled in tertiary institutions compared to the world average of 23%. . I will be focussing on how the education system’s failure is leading to another social issue of income inequality and hence, suggest certain policies to improve India’s education system and reduce inequality. Problems and drawbacks The really critical aspect of Indian public education system is its low quality. The actual quantity of schooling that children experience and the quality of teaching they receive are extremely insufficient ingovernment schools. A common feature in all government schools is the poor quality of education, with weak infrastructure and inadequate pedagogic attention. What the government is not realising right now is that education which is a source of human capital can create wide income inequalities. It will be surprising to see how income inequalities are created within the same group of educated peopleSo if the government does not improve education system particularly in rural areas the rich will become richer and the poor will get poorer. Hence, it is imperative for the government to correct the blemishes in India’s education system which will also be a step towards reducing income inequality. Another reason for poor quality of education is the poor quality of teachers in government schools . Government schools are unable to attract good quality teachers due to inadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The government currently spends only 3% of its GDP on education which is inadequate and insufficient. To improve the quality of education , the government needs to spend more money from its coffers on education. Most economists feel that the only panacea to the ills of the public schooling system is the voucher scheme. Under the voucher system, parents are allowed to choose a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system will further aggravate the problem of poor quality of education in government schools. Such a system will shift resources from government schools to private schools. This will worsen the situation of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used to build infrastructure in schools then the government can realize economies of scale. For example- The centre for civil society is providing vouchers worth Rs 4000 per annum to 308 girls. This means that the total amount of money given as vouchers is Rs 1232000. If the same amount can be used to construct a school and employ high quality teachers who are paid well then a larger section of the society will enjoy the benefit of education. A school can definitely accommodate a minimum of 1000 students. I hope government takes certain appropriate policy measures to improve the education system otherwise inequalities are going to be widespread and India’s basic capabilities will remain stunted. Let us strengthen the case for a stronger education system. Conclusion Certain policy measures need to be taken by the government. The basic thrust of government education spending today must surely be to ensure that all children have access to government schools and to raise the quality of education in those schools. One of the ways in which the problem of poor quality of education can be tackled is through common schooling. This essentially means sharing of resources between private and public schools. Shift system is one of the ways through which common schooling can be achieved. The private school can use the resources during the first half of the day and the government school can use it during the second half. It is important to remember that the quality of education is directly linked to the resources available and it is important for the government to improve resource allocation to bring about qualitative changes in the field of education. Common schooling is one of the ways in which government can use limited resources in an efficient way and thus improve resource allocation.

Lipoplasty (liposuction) :: Medical Weight Loss

Lipoplasty (liposuction) In today’s society you would think it was becoming a crime to be large or overweight, it is not so much of being overweight it is the way society makes people feel about weight. The world today programs us to believe we should and always be thin and our body to look a certain way. Women more so than men want to portray this certain look, by surgery with lipo or other cosmetic surgery. Anymore it is very typical as going out to eat as having these type of procedures done. For most including myself I would have to give this a considerable amount of thought cause this is a scary thing surgery, but yet so many are willing to try. As to say 30 or 40 years ago something like this was unheard of, now it is very common. With the advanced technology we have in the world today all of these procedures seem for the most part safe but like anything else there are always gonna be risks involved. The American society of plastic surgeons was established in 1931,and They do so many different Cosmetic procedures only to name a few breast augmentation, breast lift, browlift, camouflage cosmetics, chemical peel, ear surgery, face lifts, facial implants, spider veins, tummy tuck, and they are so many more. You can virtually get anything on your body fixed. They are some things you need to think about before determining if liposuction is for you, is this really worth all the risks involved. Liposuction is the removing of fat pockets or rolls I call them, they normally stay right with you even if you are dieting, But exercising can do a lot of toning , but exercise can only do so much. There are so many other risks involved especially greater in people with ongoing medical problems. Such as heart disease any kind of respiration problems only to name a few. In preparing for the surgery you will have several blood tests run and also a complete physical. Surgery will be done at either the doctor’s office or hospital depending on the individual person. In choosing an anesthesia they are several different ones to choose from depending on you and the doctor would decide which is best for you. For the length of surgery it would depend on the area or how much lipo is being done would be how long the surgery would take.

Positive and Negative Impact of Genetically Modified Food Essay

Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally, e.g. through the introduction of a gene from a different organism. Currently available GM foods stem mostly from plants, but in the future foods derived from GM microorganisms or GM animals are likely to be introduced on the market. Most existing genetically modified crops have been developed to improve yield, through the introduction of resistance to plant diseases or of increased tolerance of herbicides. In the future, genetic modification could be aimed at altering the nutrient content of food, reducing its allergenic potential, or improving the efficiency of food production systems. All GM foods should be assessed before being allowed on the market. FAO/WHO Codex guidelines exist for risk analysis of GM food. Positive and Negative Impacts Genetically Modified Food Has on the World The term ‘genetically modified food’, also known as ‘genetically modified organisms’, is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. The reason these plants are being modified today is to enhance desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides (pesticides used to kill unwanted plants) or improved nutritional content. In order to create these genetically modified foods, scientists must introduce specific changes to their DNA by using extremely precise genetic engineering techniques. While there are some benefits that genetically modified foods may offer, there are also some risks and negative affects that these foods can cause as well. Genetically modified foods have been helpful in many aspects of the world. Firstly, they have the ability to help meet the growing demands for food supply as the world population has topped 6 billion people and is predicted to double in the next 50 years or so. Ensuring enough food supply for this booming population is going to be a major struggle in years to come, and genetically modified foods will help do this in a number of ways. For example, crop losses from insect pests can be shocking, resulting in devastating financial loss for farmers and starvation in developing countries. By growing genetically modified foods such as B.T. corn, farmers can help eliminate the production of chemical pesticides that cause potential health hazards, and there will be higher crop yields that many experts argue can help to feed people in these countries. In addition to this, plants can be genetically modified to be resistant to bacterial, fungal or viral infestation. For example, sweet potatoes have been modified to improve viral resistance, and bananas have been modified to resist the Black Sigatoka fungus. Growing genetically modified foods will therefore lead to less†¦ [continues] Harmful Effects of the Agent Genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) are a broad group of plants, animals, and bacteria that are engineered for a wide variety of applications ranging from agricultural production to scientific research. The types of potential hazards posed by GMO’s vary according to the type of organism being modified and its intended application. Most of the concern surrounding GMO’s relates to their potential for negative effects on the environment and human health. Because GMO’s that could directly effect human health are primarily products that can enter the human food supply, this website focuses on genetically modified food. To date, the only types of products that have been approved for human consumption in the U.S. are genetically modified plants (FDA website). All genetically modified foods that have been approved are considered by the government to be as safe as their traditional counterparts and are generally unregulated (FDA website). However, there are seve ral types of potential health effects that could result from the insertion of a novel gene into an organism. Health effects of primary concern to safety assessors are production of new allergens, increased toxicity, decreased nutrition, and antibiotic resistance (Bernstein et al., 2003). Food Allergy Food Allergy affects approximately 5% of children and 2% of adults in the U.S. and is a significant public health threat (Bakshi, 2003). Allergic reactions in humans occur when a normally harmless protein enters the body and stimulates an immune response (Bernstein et al., 2003). If the novel protein in a GM food comes from a source that is know to cause allergies in humans or a source that has never been consumed as human food, the concern that the protein could elicit an immune response in humans increases. Although no allergic reactions to GM food by consumers have been confirmed, in vitro evidence suggesting that some GM products could cause an allergic reaction has motivated biotechnology companies to discontinue their development (Bakshi, 2003). Increased Toxicity Most plants produce substances that are toxic to humans. Most of the plants that humans consume produce toxins at levels low enough that they do not produce any adverse health effects. There is concern that inserting an exotic gene into a plant could cause it to produce toxins at higher levels that could be dangerous to humans. This could happen through the process of inserting the gene into the plant. If other genes in the plant become damaged during the insertion process it could cause the plant to alter its production of toxins. Alternatively, the new gene could interfere with a metabolic pathway causing a stressed plant to produce more toxins in response. Although these effects have not been observed in GM plants, they have been observed through conventional breeding methods creating a safety concern for GM plants. For example, potatoes conventionally bred for increased diseased resistance have produced higher levels of glycoalkaloids (GEO-PIE website). Decreased Nutritional Value A genetically modified plant could theoretically have lower nutritional quality than its traditional counterpart by making nutrients unavailable or indigestible to humans. For example, phytate is a compound common in seeds and grains that binds with minerals and makes them unavailable to humans. An inserted gene could cause a plant to produce higher levels of phytate decreasing the mineral nutritional value of the plant (GEO-PIE). Another example comes from a study showing that a strain of genetically modified soybean produced lower levels of phytoestrogen compounds, believed to protect against heart disease and cancer, than traditional soybeans (Bakshi, 2003). Antibiotic resistance In recent years health professionals have become alarmed by the increasing number of bacterial strains that are showing resistance to antibiotics. Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics by creating antibiotic resistance genes through natural mutation. Biotechnologists use antibiotic resistance genes as selectable markers when inserting new genes into plants. In the early stages of the process scientists do not know if the target plant will incorporate the new gene into its genome. By attaching the desired gene to an antibiotic resistance gene the new GM plant can be tested by growing it in a solution containing the corresponding antibiotic. If the plant survives scientists know that it has taken up the antibiotic resistance gene along with the desired gene. There is concern that bacteria living in the guts of humans and animals could pick up an antibiotic resistance gene from a GM plant before the DNA becomes completely digested (GEO-PIE website). It is not clear what sort of ris k the possibility of conferring antibiotic resistance to bacteria presents. No one has ever observed bacteria incorporating new DNA from the digestive system under controlled laboratory conditions. The two types of antibiotic resistance genes used by biotechnologists are ones that already exist in bacteria in nature so the process would not introduce new antibiotic resistance to bacteria. Never the less it is a concern and the FDA is encouraging biotechnologists to phase out the practice of using antibiotic resistance genes (GEO-PIE website).

Developing a Marketing Research Proposal

Marketing Research Professor Tom Tafolla Midterm Exam Developing a Marketing Research Proposal 84179 Marketing Research Proposal Kraft Food Healthy Snack Product Development for 50+ Market Introduction For years, Kraft Foods are hiring experts to conduct lengthy studies on a product's marketability, visual and taste, all to sell you more foods stuffed with sugar, fat and salt. Now Kraft Food is blamed by publics it only cares about consumers' personal taste, but not personal health, especially for the aged people.Since baby boomer is a uge population in the US and nave a strong purchasing power, they are trying to save their losing competitiveness in this huge market. Therefore Kraft Food's product development department is seeking a research service consultant to conduct baby boomer market, to discover new product opportunities of healthy snacks. Research Objectives The objectives of this research are: 1 . To understand how baby boomers make snack purchase decisions and choices. 2. To learn who are the key influencer in snack consumption decisions in baby boomer market 3.To gain insights into the obstacles to choosing Kraft Food product 4. To understand what health considerations exist in baby boomer market Marketing Challenges and Opportunities Challenges: 1 . Kraft Food products' images are deeply rooted in the hearts of people's mind, which is tasty, satisfying your bliss point, but not very healthy. 2. Snack is usually designed for leisure time between meals; people seldom consider its health value. Opportunities: 1. Baby boomer is a huge market and has strong purchasing power 2. The lack of healthy snack market 3.If consumer is looking for an easy way to eat healthy, without having to change their daily routine too drastically, snacks should be a good entry point. Information Coverage Information for this research will be collected according to the following hierarchy of needs: 1. Baby boomer group information 2. Healthy food information Research Design P rimary Research: 1 . In store observation: baby boomer's purchasing routine and behavior on snacks. Healthy considerations while making choice. 2. In home interview: baby boomer's eating routine on snacks

Free Essays on Herbert Croly

I was born on January 23, 1869, in New York. Both my mother and my father were journalists. My father's name is David Croly and my mother's name is Jane Cunningham. Some of my early on goals included graduating from Harvard University, and becoming a well-known journalist, both of which were later achieved. After graduating from Harvard University, I became the editor of Agricultural Record. In 1909, I published the book titled The Promise of American Life. In this book I stressed several of my political views, such as the need for a planned economy, increased spending on education, and a society based on "brotherhood of mankind." Many people believe that this book influenced Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. In 1914, a good friend of mine by the name of Williard Straight, asked me to be the first editor of the New Republic. When the New Republic was first published in November 1914, only 875 copies were made. After a year of circulation this magazine published more then 15,000. This became a strong supporter of the views of Theordore Roosevelt and the Progressive movement. When World War I first broke out, I was against Americas entry. I wanted the United States to remain neutral. After I heard about the sinking of the Luistania,I supported Americas entry, and the New Republic became a supporter of Woodrow Wilson and his decision to declare war on Germany. After the war, I began to be very critical of Woodrow Wilson and his decisions.As it is stated, I said that the Treaty of Versailles was " a treaty on annihilation." I also disliked the League of Nations, saying that it was an organization that "would perpetuate rather then correct the evils of the treaty." Sales of the New Republic increased during the war, but declined in the 1920's. I remained editor of this magazine up until my death on May 17, 1930.... Free Essays on Herbert Croly Free Essays on Herbert Croly I was born on January 23, 1869, in New York. Both my mother and my father were journalists. My father's name is David Croly and my mother's name is Jane Cunningham. Some of my early on goals included graduating from Harvard University, and becoming a well-known journalist, both of which were later achieved. After graduating from Harvard University, I became the editor of Agricultural Record. In 1909, I published the book titled The Promise of American Life. In this book I stressed several of my political views, such as the need for a planned economy, increased spending on education, and a society based on "brotherhood of mankind." Many people believe that this book influenced Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. In 1914, a good friend of mine by the name of Williard Straight, asked me to be the first editor of the New Republic. When the New Republic was first published in November 1914, only 875 copies were made. After a year of circulation this magazine published more then 15,000. This became a strong supporter of the views of Theordore Roosevelt and the Progressive movement. When World War I first broke out, I was against Americas entry. I wanted the United States to remain neutral. After I heard about the sinking of the Luistania,I supported Americas entry, and the New Republic became a supporter of Woodrow Wilson and his decision to declare war on Germany. After the war, I began to be very critical of Woodrow Wilson and his decisions.As it is stated, I said that the Treaty of Versailles was " a treaty on annihilation." I also disliked the League of Nations, saying that it was an organization that "would perpetuate rather then correct the evils of the treaty." Sales of the New Republic increased during the war, but declined in the 1920's. I remained editor of this magazine up until my death on May 17, 1930....

New Love Quotes

New Love Quotes Love, whether it strikes at sixteen or sixty always brings with it a rush that is hard to capture in words. Despite this, many authors, writers, and celebrities have tried to express the magic of new love. Here are some new love quotes that represent attempts to articulate the experience of new love. Friedrich Nietzsche There is always some madness in love. But there is also always some reason in madness.D. H. Lawrence I am in love - and, my God, it is the greatest thing that can happen to a man. I tell you, find a woman you can fall in love with. Do it. Let yourself fall in love. If you have not done so already, you are wasting your life.Antoine de Saint, Exupery Perhaps love is the process of my gently leading you back to yourself.Alice Walker I have learned not to worry about love; But to honor its coming with all my heart.Soren Kierkegaard Dont forget to love yourself.Fred Allen It is probably not love that makes the world go around, but rather those mutually supportive alliances through which partners recognize their dependence on each other for the achievement of shared and private goals.Anonymous A good marriage is like a casserole, only those responsible for it really know what goes in it.Reinhold Niebuhr Forgiveness is the final form of love.Peter Ustinov Love is an act of endless forgiveness, a tender look which becomes a habit. Marcus Aurelius Accept the things to which fate binds you, and love the people with whom fate brings you together, but do so with all your heart.Mickey Rooney Women like me because I make them laugh. And what is an orgasm, except laughter of the loins?Saul Bellow The body, she says, is subject to the forces of gravity. But the soul is ruled by levity, pure.Boris Pasternak Love is not weakness. It is strong. Only the sacrament of marriage can contain it.Leo Buscaglia Love is always open arms. If you close your arms about love you will find that you are left holding only yourself.Antoine de Saint-Exupery For true love is inexhaustible; the more you give, the more you have. And if you go to draw at the true fountainhead, the more water you draw, the more abundant is its flow.

Assignment Production Possibility Curve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment Production Possibility Curve - Essay Example This provision made it possible for the Homo sapiens to discover new activities such as hunting and gathering to cater for their basic needs. This also allowed for opportunities to develop speech in communicating. In contrast, the Neanderthals were set back by the fast growth rates (Clive, 80). U.S. and Dutch economists attribute the unlocking of trading experiences of the modern humans as a consequence for the extinction of the Neanderthals. An advantage to the modern man was the slow developmental cycles of the brain that enabled him to adapt favorably to the environment. The Neanderthals’ slow development slowed their advantages of engaging in activities such as hunting and gathering to cater for their needs as well as trading with other Neanderthals. Specialization was only an advantage to the humans and this method was not applicable to their cousins (Jon

ITEC 9 activity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ITEC 9 activity - Assignment Example The essay will explain about one of the many known security breaches. There are various security breaches, which needs to be understood for one to be able to secure a computer system. One of the main security breaches includes physical breach. Physical breach regards the physical theft of equipments or documents that contains cardholder account data like files, cardholder receipt, and point of sale terminals or personal computers. The second type of breach is the electronic breach. Electronic breach denotes the deliberate attack or unauthorized access on a network or system environment where the cardholder data is stored, processed or transmitted. Electronic breach is as the result of gaining access through web sites or web servers to a vulnerable system via application level attacks. The final attack is Skimming. Skimming is the recording or capture of magnetic card stripe data with the use of an external device that is sometimes installed on the customer’s system point of sale. The data obtained from skimming is used in the manufacture of cou nterfeit debit and credit cards (Roebuck, 2012). Electronic breach is the common security breach as a result of the increased internet access. However, there are steps that can be used to prevent from electronic breach. The various ways of preventing from electronic breach includes the use of a secure database or web server. The use of secure database or web servers guarantees that all system, including database and web servers are regularly modernized with the present merchant security patches (Roebuck, 2012). The use of a strong, up-to-date anti-spyware or antivirus and anti-malware software is a way of preventing the security breach. Users should also use passwords that are not easily guessed to prevent from unauthorized persons (Dark, 2011). One of the physical security breaches that hit the news was the white house attack, which can be accessed via www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPU3ia7Zaog

Britain In a Global Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Britain In a Global Society - Essay Example Political system of UK is multi-party system- the political system in which more than one party is involved. Labour party, conservative party and liberal democrats are the parties of UK. Political system of the UK under the constitution is unmodified. Parliament has the responsibility to select the prime minister. Prime minister is basically the head of the majority party. UK is a constitutional monarchy which is the form of a government in which Queen is head of the state. The Members of Parliament are elected by the common citizen of UK. But the members of House of Lords are not elected. House of Lords member inherit sit from their fathers. The United Kingdom works on diversified economy. Diversified economy of UK is one of the largest in the world. The UK economy system follows mixed economy like many other nations. In mixed economy, both public and state sector direct the economy. Due to this private firms are free and can enable to produce and sell commodities and goods but it would be controlled by the government. UK is a trading nation. Domestic market of UK is limited that results to find more companies from outside of the country. One of the world’s largest importers is UK. United Kingdom’s mixed economy enables government to own stake of certain industries which are socialist characteristics (Branch, 2006, p.546). But mixed economy of United Kingdom has almost free market features. UK was one of the most stable economy countries before 2007. But after 2008 GDP growth rate of UK fell to 0.7%. UK is always renowned for its strong economy and rich blend of science and art. UK is the major centre for multinational companies. UK is the sixth largest importer in the world and tenth largest exporter in the world. In the year 2009, UK was one of the largest producers of natural gas in the world. And it is largest in the EU. UK has the third largest aerospace industry in the world. Foreign aerospace companies

Meaning Of Voting Behaviour Politics Essay

Meaning Of Voting Behaviour Politics Essay Human actions, such as voting in a democratic election, are extremely complex phenomenon and depend on a variety of social and psychological factors. Voting in elections is the most obvious and direct way in which a whole population can affect government, sort of mass revolution.  [2]  Voting is the most distinguishing imperative stuff that a citizen can do to make sure that the government operates in the way it is intended; and guaranteed that their political way of life are heard by the countrys political system. Therefore, it is the main form of political participation in liberal democratic societies and the study of voting behaviour is a highly specialized sub-field within political science. Voting has become virtually a universal means by which individuals make collective decisions.  [3]   Meaning of Voting Behaviour The word voting is not a new concept. In antique Greece, voting was not much for elections to offices, which were packed on the jury principles of arbitrary selection. But it was used for decisions on propositions put before democratic assembly, on the fate of individuals.  [4]  In contemporary democratic arrangement, voting is a method of expressing the approval or disapproval of the policies, programmes and decisions of the administrative authority. Quoting Oriavwote, (2000), S.K. Balogun and P.O. Olapegba writes: Voting thus, is a means of aggregating individual preferences into collective decision in an election, the action of formally indicating ones choice of candidate or political party at an election.  [5]   Voting is the pedestal of the political pyramid in democracy, and that decisions made at the foundation have the capability to overthrow those at the top. For this reason, voting may perhaps be looked upon as the basic decision-making process in a democracy.  [6]  It may also describe the process either by which citizens choose candidates for public office or the formal recording of opinion of a group on any subject. In either sense, it is a means of transforming numerous individual opinions into a coherent and collective basis for decision. Voters tend to choose candidates whom they perceived as benefiting them the most and as having a reasonable chance of winning.  [7]  That is, voting is a good example of rational choice,  [8]  as larger part of the electorate takes their voting preference on the establishment of a judgment of how the present government or the incumbent has exaggerated the welfare of the people, and the odds that the contrasting camp would accomplish b etter. The study of voting behaviour started around the 18th century (Jenson, 1969), this early attempts made use of aggregate data analysis that is, using actual election returns by geopolitical units e.g., wards, districts etc. (Gosnell, 1930).  [9]  Of late, voting behaviour has used to describe, as Samuel J. Eldersveld writes, certain area of study and types of political phenomena which previously had either not been conceived or were considered irrelevant. It involves an analysis of individual psychological processes (perception, emotion and motivation) and their relation to political actions, as well as institutional patterns, such as the communication process and their impact on elections.  [10]  As V.O. Key, Jr., and Frank Munger have observed, most voting behaviour of the time is a continuing affirmation of pre-existing political commitments which were forged under the pressure of a major social trauma. Looked at in terms of the party system as a whole, this profound linkag e with the past often amounts to a standing decision which is only very infrequently subject to review by any decisively large part of the electorate.  [11]   In short, voting behaviour of the populace determines political power in any political system on different scales signifying the intensity of political involvement. Even if people are not aware of a personal involvement in the electoral decision, they may still be induced to vote by social pressures and inner feelings of social obligation.  [12]  Voting behaviour refers to factors that determine the manner in which a particular group of people vote for a specific political party or candidates that are up for elections. Therefore, voting behaviour as N.G.S. Kini, sums up can be regarded as:  [13]   (a) a mode of legitimizing democratic rule; (b) instancing participation in the political process involving integration into the political community; (c) instancing an act of decision-making; (d) a role-action involving definite political orientation imbedded in a particular type of political culture; or (e) a direct relation of the individual citizens to the formal government.  [14]   In fine, the notion of voting behaviour implies the study of voters preferences, alternative, programmes, ideology, etc., on which elections are fought. Among other things, voting behaviour helps to arrive to a decision which official are chosen to run our governments, the multiplicity of parties that voters have to choose from at the polls, how many citizens will turn out to vote, who will or will not be represented in our legislatures, and whether the majority will rule. It has a thoughtful consequence not only on the process of elections, but also on the degree to which a political system is fair, representative, and democratic. Therefore, it lies at the heart of democratic process and are an expression of popular will. Factors affecting Voting Behaviour Voting behaviour is rather a complex and multi-faceted subject. Diverse factors that comprise both political and non-political have an effect on it. Its determinants are vast and wide-ranging, and differ from one person to another to a substantial degree. Voting behaviour is determined by the political attitudes, assumptions, policy preferences, and partisan loyalties of individuals and the political and institutional context within which they cast their votes in an election.  [15]  Thus, there are a numbers of indicators affecting voters choice as one of the early pioneers of electoral studies in India, V.M. Sirsikar, observes, an enquiry into the process of election indicates factors other than rationality.  [16]   . The assessment of voting pattern consistently focuses on the determinants of why people vote as they do and how they arrive at the decisions they make. Most attention has been, however, to the behaviour of the mass electorate.  [17]  A variety of research on the study of voting behaviour has identified two major types of factors, which can be broadly categorized as sociological (demographic, social, and economic attributes) and psychological (politically relevant attitudes, beliefs and values).  [18]  The comparative political science literature recognizes that certain variables such as education;  [19]  income and unemployment;  [20]  importance of party support or attachment;  [21]  perception of issues;  [22]  ideology and issues;  [23]  partisanship;  [24]  evaluation of leaders or the top candidates;  [25]  etc., have generally been found to associate with voting behaviour of the electorate. Some of the selected predicators of voting behavio ur for this study are analyzed as follows: Sociological factors Gender: The analysis of sex is an important indicator of voting behaviour. Women voters tend to be more wavering about their intention to vote as also in the voting act itself than the male voters.  [26]  However, the commitment is more to candidate then to party both to males and females. Village consensus and advice of village headman work more with female voters than with male voters, while the merit of the candidates attracts more males than females.  [27]  Sex provides a base for diversity where modernism is a significant issue, since in most societies womens role are more involved in religious institutions and less in modern economic ones. Consequently, where there is a difference between the voting pattern of the two sexes, women tend to support traditionalist parties more than modernising ones.  [28]  Nonetheless, since the focus of the study is on a relatively traditionalistic attitude where gender issues still predominates,  [29]  it seemed good to retain ge nder as a determinant of voting behaviour. Kinship: Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin, through either biological or cultural, or historical descent.  [30]  In a kinship based society, kinship provides many of the social relations in which a person is likely to be involved in the course of his life.  [31]  It is a strategy force determining political behaviour of the people and influencing their thought process.  [32]   Strong kinship and village loyalties affect many a choice, the family or the wife voting as father or husband suggests, and the village casting its vote according to the advice of the head-man or influential elder.  [33]   Despite the traditional claim that each voter is an individual who makes up his own mind, social groups pressures limit choices sharply, and are highly significant determinants of individual voting patterns.  [34]   Kins and clan would, of course, be used to campaign for one or the other candidate; and votes would be sought by identifying a candidate as a peasant, a worker and the like.  [35]   Age: Age has often been described as one of the leading indicators of voting behaviour, though it is difficult to treat as an independent variable. As Alan R. Ball has pointed out, age is a complex variable. In common parlance, older citizens tend to vote for conservative parties but this may be simple reflections of the historical period when the electors voting habits were being formed. Age may be less important than the strength of the voters attachment to a political party, and it is this allegiance that hardens with age.  [36]  However the relationship between age and voting is curvilinear, with a gradual increasing in the mid-age group and declining thereafter. nonetheless, it is the candidate orientation which dominates in all the age groups.  [37]   Education: Over the years, education has emerged as one of the major predicators of voting. Educations widen the political visualization and expands the horizon of ones interest in the political process. It enables the individual to develop the skill for political participation.  [38]  The electorate having more years of formal education has the greater probability of exercising their franchise in any election. Economic Factors: The economic status of the electorate is an important indicator of voting behaviour. Though it is often considered as non-existent impact on voting, economic factors play an important role in shaping voting behaviour of the electorate as Arivind Virmani points out: An improvement (or) worsening of economic conditions can increase (or) decrease the probability of voting for the party perceived to be responsible for the change. Further, the independent or floating voter is more likely to be affected by economic conditions than voters committed to a particular party for social, caste, religious and cultural reasons.  [39]   ` However, as Wolfinger and Rosenstones findings indicated, the likelihood of voting may not be a linear function of income.  [40]  The key difference seems to be the unpleasant variation among those of high-income groups and low-income groups. The most distinguishing factors in election are vote bribing which is open-secret which reflect a clash between traditional economic ties and changing cultural pressure.  [41]  Poor voters are reported to have received money offered by various candidates. Public Employment: Along with education and economic status, occupation appears to exert a great effect on voting behaviour. Public officials tend to take greater interest in voting and are usually votes for the party which is likely to address their interest. Even farmers, who are conventionally viewed as being uncommonly likely to abstain from voting,  [42]  have become much less distinctive in this regard.  [43]  Studies have also revealed that government workers of all types tend to take an unusual interest in political matters and are unlikely to vote in the election.  [44]   Psychological Factors: Interest in Public Affairs: Those voters who have interest in public affairs and who follows the news of the present day situation are likely voters in any election. This is because of the fact that such voters are very much concern with the affairs of states policies and programme. On the contrary, there are some who take minimal interest in such affairs and are unlikely voters. Many voters made explicit references to specific issue concerns, whereas others spoke in more global terms about parties, leaders or local candidates without elaborating their reasoning in any detail.  [45]   Strength and Direction of Party loyalty: Voting behaviour is more easily explained by emphasising party loyalty.  [46]  Some party men are likely to vote in elections than others as different parties may draw their members from different social base which reflects the weakness and the strength of the party. However, in India, people do not hesitate to shift their votes from one party to another as parties identities are not very strong. If party loyalty is taken as one of the key indexes of political considerations, it may be assumed that the parties play a marginal role in determining the preference of the voters.  [47]  Though party loyalty is an important indicator of voting behaviour, it is often determined by other factors like social class, economic position or ethnic affiliation.  [48]   Perceived difference between Parties: In any election, if there is a clear-cut difference of ideologies between the contesting parties, the electorates are more likely to exercise their franchise. If the parties and the candidates are same and not easy to distinguish from each other, then there will be a little point in electoral participation. As Habib and Naidu (2006) observes: Conventional wisdom suggests that workers and poorer classes in society would support parties to the left of the political spectrum, while the middle class and more affluent strata would support parties on the right. The reasons are obvious. While the former have a material interest in fundamentally changing the political and socio-economic arrangements of society, the latter prefer the status quo.  [49]   Recent research, however, has emphasized party de-alignment.  [50]  Ideology could be said to be present only in terms of accent on social justice, involving considerable overlap and neutralization among parties which vied in usurping each others ideological planks.  [51]  Therefore, people are most unlikely to vote in the election where there are no ideological differences. Charisma of the Candidate: Role of personality in influencing the electoral behaviour cannot be refuted, Charisma refers to mean a certain quality of an individual personality by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural or exceptional powers or qualities.  [52]  Moreover it is this quality of the leader which enables him to attract a large number of people and under the influence of which the people pay reverence to the charismatic leader. Therefore, there is a strong belief that organisation of political party under a charismatic leader is a source of popular support for the party. Pubic Opinion and Mass Media: Pubic opinion and mass media has, of late, become an important indicator of voting behaviour. Public opinion refers to the attitudes of a significant number of people about public affairs, or matters of government and politics that concern the people at large. It is one not of advocacy of any particular policy, subject or topic, but of the provider of both objective and subjective information, obtained systematically and objectively, analysed dispassionately and delivered evenly.  [53]  The latter has the capacity to bring matters to the attention of the public or to conceal them. This is usually referred to as agenda setting.  [54]  While the media may ignore certain topics or exaggerate others, the public also has an enormous capacity for being highly selective in what to take interest in.  [55]   In the pages that follow, we shall examine these sociological and psychological factors on the voting behaviour of the electors in the constituency under study. Voting Behaviour in Manipur The most interesting questions about an election are not concerned with who won but with such questions as why people voted the way that they did or what the implications of the results are. These questions are not always easily answered. A glance only at the campaign events and incidents will not suffice. The unique aspects of the election must be blended with a more general understanding of electoral behavior to create a full explanation. Since the introduction of participatory democracy in Manipur under the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1948, attempts have been made to study the nature of voting behaviour in Manipur. There has been some imprecise handling of the topic in the study of electoral politics,  [56]  political participation,  [57]  social and political change,  [58]  socio-political study;  [59]  and that research on the study of voting behaviour had also been undertaken both at the state  [60]  and constituency level.  [61]  They found that party ideology, ethnicity, role of money, caste, religion, personalities of the candidates, etc., were the main factors affecting voting behaviour in Manipur. As S.K. Chaube notes that in Manipur voters not only attach importance to party levels but also to status and personalities of the candidates.  [62]  However, some scholars emphasis on caste as a factor of voting behaviour in Manipur,  [63]  though there is absence of caste system in Manipur.  [64]   In the hills, ethnic loyalties play an important role as factor in voting decision.  [65]  The tribalism and ethnicity have become more intense as a result of the introduction of adult franchise.  [66]  Electoral politics has significantly given rise to inter-group conflicts in north-east and this is also affecting the democratic values and tradition of the tribals.  [67]  In addition to ethnicity, money, promise for government jobs, candidates personalities, etc., have also been a major source of influence to the voters in the hills.  [68]   In the first and the only election held in Independent Manipur  [69]  under the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947, the voting behaviour of the electorate was influenced by ideology of the Manipur State Congress party as the party got the highest number of seats. And also the influenced of personality cult was also evident as twelve independents candidates in fray was also elected to the erstwhile Manipur Assembly.  [70]   After the merger of Manipur into the Indian Union in 1948, the first democratic election was held in 1952 under the Constitution of India. In the election, the socio-political movement of the time demanding for a responsible government influenced the electoral behaviour of the voters.  [71]  In the second and third assembly election held in 1957 and 1962 also, the same factors that influenced the election of 1952 were evident. However in 1962 election as R.P. Singh points out: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in the hills areas, as there were no reserved seats for the schedule tribes, the election were fought on tribal lines. Political parties had sent up only tribals as their candidates except in Jiribam, where half of the voters were non-tribals  [72]   In 1967 assembly election of the state, the demand for a full-fledged statehood in the state influenced the voting behaviour of the people.  [73]  The electioneering was a quite brisk except in the cease-fire bound northern hills areas where it was restricted to a whisper campaign for fear of underground Nagas who boycott the elections.  [74]  After the attainment of statehood in 1972 and in the assembly election that followed, voting behaviour of the electorate was oriented toward parochial regional outlook,  [75]  as the performance of the regional political party, MPP in this election indicates. However, as a result of political instability in the state, mid-term election was held in 1974, and in that election the main determinant of voting behaviour was: inclusion of Manipur language in the Eighth Schedule, local problems and money factors.  [76]  In the assembly election of 1980, money, a strong Indira wave, and the impact of personality of the candidates  [77]   in fray played an important role in shaping the vote-choice of the electorate. Also, in the election of 1984, the vote-choice was mainly determined by a strong sympathy wave for the Congress (I) due to the assassination of Indira Gandhi and the charming personality of Rajiv Gandhi.  [78]   However, in the assembly election of 1990, voting behaviour was mainly influenced by the elders or the head of the family to vote for a particular party or candidate;  [79]  and also the influence of money was found to be associated with the vote-choice of the electorate. In the assembly election of 1995 and 2000, money as a determinant of voting behaviour was considered to be more significant than all other factors.  [80]  In the assembly election of 2002, influence of money, personality of the candidates, party loyalty, and local issues facing the state and the respective constituencies was noticed.  [81]  The assembly election of 2007 perhaps culminated in the victory of the Indian National Congress (I) and the electoral behaviour of the people was mainly influenced by the stability of the Secular Progressive Front (SPF) government and the various developmental works initiated during the period. The boycott-call given by armed insurgent outfit to the INC during electio n did not hamper the electoral prospect of the party. The strong personality of the incumbent Chief Minister, Shri Okram Ibobi Singh had profound impact on the voting behaviour of the people. From the above analysis, the voting behaviour of the electorate in Manipur changes from time to time and from one election to another. Various socio-political factors had influenced the voting behaviour of the people of the state. The electors of Manipur have exercised their political franchise according to the needs and circumstance of the time for better governance. As Dr. Benjamin Gangmei, sums up: the main determinant of voting behaviour in Manipur includes: personality of the candidate, party loyalty, money power, local issues, family influence, election campaign, groupism, election feasting and insurgency.  [82]   In the light of th

The Articles of Confederation :: American America History

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States of America. The Articles of Confederation were first drafted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1777. This first draft was prepared by a man named John Dickinson in 1776. The Articles were then ratified in 1781. The cause for the changes to be made was due to state jealousies and widespread distrust of the central authority. This jealousy then led to the emasculation of the document. As adopted, the articles provided only for a "firm league of friendship" in which each of the 13 states expressly held "its sovereignty, freedom, and independence." The People of each state were given equal privileges and rights, freedom of movement was guaranteed, and procedures for the trials of accused criminals were outlined. The articles established a national legislature called the Congress, consisting of two to seven delegates from each state; each state had one vote, according to its size or population. No executive or judicial branches were provided for. Congress was charged with responsibility for conducting foreign relations, declaring war or peace, maintaining an army and navy, settling boundary disputes, establishing and maintaining a postal service, and various lesser functions. Some of these responsibilities were shared with the states, and in one way or another Congress was dependent upon the cooperation of the states for carrying out any of them. Four visible weaknesses of the articles, apart from those of organization, made it impossible for Congress to execute its constitutional duties. These were analyzed in numbers 15-22 of The FEDERALIST, the political essays in which Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay argued the case for the U.S. CONSTITUTION of 1787. The first weakness was that Congress could legislate only for states, not for individuals; because of this it could not enforce legislation. Second, Congress had no power to tax. Instead, it was to assess its expenses and divide those among the states on the basis of the value of land. States were then to tax their own citizens to raise the money for these expenses and turn the proceeds over to Congress. They could not be forced to do so, and in practice they rarely met their obligations. Third, Congress lacked the power to control commerce--without its power to conduct foreign relations was not necessary, since most treaties except those of peace were concern ed mainly with trade.

How Can Risk Influence Risk Premium Essay

Risk and return are the fundamental basis upon which investors make their decision whether or not they should invest in a particular investment. How they are related and the influence between the two, is the decision making process that all investors must weigh up. This essay will show how risk can influence risk premium, outlining their relationship and how risk and return are related. Within any investment there is a certain amount of risk, which must be taken into account by an investor when deciding to invest. Risk is defined as the chance of financial loss or, more formally the variability of returns associated with a given asset. This concept in finance is the idea that all investment carries a risk, the higher the risk, the greater the return, however the adverse is also relevant, when the risk of an investment is lower the return is expected to also be lower. However, with all investment there is never a guarantee of return. Return is the total gain or loss experienced on an investment over a given period of time. It is measured by the asset’s cash distributions plus change in value, divided by its beginning-of-period value. (Gitman, et al. , 2011, p. 08) Returns on investment are the motivation to all investors, however as all investment carries a risk, the investor must have a required and expected return on the investment. Expected return, is the return that an asset is expected to produce over some future period of time, while required return, is that which an investor requires an asset to produce if he/she is to be a future investor in that asset. It is here that we see the relationship between risk and return. With the expected and required return on an asset, an investor can calculate the return of an asset and its risk. Kidwell, et al. , 2007, p. 307) To better understand this relationship we must analyse risk premium. Risk premium refers to an asset’s expected rate of return and how that exceeds the risk free rate. The risk free rate is the interest rate of a stable investment usually a government bond or Treasury bill, which is used as a stabilizer and market equivalent in the calculation of the risk and return. (Kidwell, et al. , 2007, p. 307) The required rate of return is therefore based on the expectations of the investor. Risk premium is the compensation for making and undertaking an investment and risk. It is here that we bring all the above mentioned components of risk, return, and risk premium together to formulate: Required rate of return = Risk-free rate of return + Risk premium From this equation we see how risk can influence the risk premium and in turn affect the required rate of return. As risk premium is based on the investor’s compensation for undertaking the risk, we can surmise that the higher the compensation wanted by the investor, the higher the risk will have to be to gain the required rate of return.